Parkinson s Disease And Its Effects On The Quality Of Life

Parkinson’s disease is a disorder of the brain, and is caused when the nerve cells in the brain that make dopamine are destroyed. Symptoms of Parkinson’s disease include tremors, shaking, and difficulty with coordination. Parkinson’s disease is a degenerative disease, with symptoms worsening as the disease progresses. Approximately 10 million people worldwide are currently living with Parkinson’s disease, and about 60,000 people are diagnosed with it each year. The average cost for each patient per year is $2,500 for medication therapy, and $100,00 for therapeutic surgery. Parkinson’s disease has a major impact on the quality of life of the patient. As the disease progresses, the symptoms will eventually inhibit patients from performing typical daily activities such as walking, writing, and swallowing. With such an effect on daily life, it is important for those who have Parkinson’s disease to manage their symptoms effectively. The symptoms of Parkinson’s disease can be managed using medication such as Levodopa, physical therapy, or even deep brain stimulation. These treatments are very beneficial, but rely on the correct diagnosis. There currently is not a definitive cause of Parkinson’s disease, only speculation as to what causes the disease. Since there is no definitive cause, there is no truly conclusive test to lead to an irrefutable diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease. This indicates that the diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease is reliant on the knowledge of the physicianShow MoreRelatedActive Music Therapy For Parkinson s Disease : An Integrative Method For Motor And Emotional Rehabilitation971 Words   |  4 PagesIn the article â€Å"Active Music Therapy in Parkinson’s Disease: An Integrative Method for Motor and Emotional Rehabilitation† by Claudio Pacchetti, MD, Francesca Manni, MD, Roberto Aglieri, Cira Fundaro, MD, Emilia Martignoni, MD, and Giuseppe Nappi, MD published in Psychosomatic Medicine (2000) states that active music therapy is an effective method of rehabilitation for Parkinson’s Disease. As of now Parkinson’s disease (PD) has no effective cure, so all that can be done for those that are affectedRead MoreOn Nervous Disorders : Parkinson s Disease1193 Words   |  5 PagesOn Nervous Disorders: Parkinson’s disease Parkinson’s disease is a progressive disorder of the nervous system characterized by tremor, slowed movement, and muscle rigidity; typically only seen in those over the age of forty. It is named after James Parkinson, an English surgeon, whom first described the symptoms of â€Å"the shaking palsy,† in a report published in 1817 (Grimes, 2004). The brain is the control center of the body. The brain orchestrates movement, sensations, feelings, personality, andRead More Parkinson’s Disease and Medical Treatment Options Essay1544 Words   |  7 PagesParkinson’s Disease and Medical Treatment Options For many 50 year olds, tasks such as writing or walking can be easily preformed without much attention. In fact, the term â€Å"task† seems to stress that there is a greater level of effort than is truly exerted in order for the average person to perform these actions. However, for a patient of Parkinson’s Disease who is diagnosed on average at the age of 50, these every day activities take a great deal of time, attention, and effort to be preformedRead MoreParkinson s Disease : Disease3496 Words   |  14 Pages Parkinson s disease Twanda H. Lewis North Carolina Wesleyan Dr. Quinan Parkinson s Disease Twanda H. Lewis North Carolina Wesleyan Dr. Quinan Outline Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 Symptoms†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 Tremor†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦ 6 Slow Movement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 Rigid Muscles†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 Disfigured Posture†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 LossRead MoreEvaluation Of A Multi Model Experimental Design Using A Subject Through A Pre Test Control Group Design1165 Words   |  5 PagesMethod Participants The ideal sample is 150 participants between the ages of 50-80 years old with both male and females equally represented, all of whom suffer from and have been diagnosed with Alzheimer s disease, other forms of dementia, or Parkinson s disease according to the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [DSM-5]. The selected participants will have volunteered for the study or were referred by physicians and caregivers, and come from multipleRead MoreMedical Marijuana Is A Drug Misunderstood By Many Nation Wide1507 Words   |  7 Pagesdo not consider it s legitimate medicinal application. Medical marijuana defined by Drugfacts refers to the use of the whole unprocessed plant to treat a disease or illness. The Drug Enforcement Administration has listed it under the schedule I classification which is the same classification that heroin, LSD, ecstasy and many other drugs are under. The classification identifies the drug as a dangerous substance th at has no recognized medicinal use as reported by the DEA. It s classification as aRead MoreParkinsons Disease Essay1504 Words   |  7 Pages Parkinsons Disease Parkinsons is an idiopathic, multifactorial neurodegenerative disease that attacks neurotransmitters in the brain called dopamine. Dopamine is concentrated in a specific area of the brain called the substantia nigra. The neurotransmitter dopamine is a chemical that regulates muscle movement and emotion. Dopamine is responsible for relaying messages between the substantia nigra and other parts of the brain to control body movement. The death of these neurotransmitters affectsRead MoreParkinson s Disease ( Pd )1361 Words   |  6 PagesParkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease which is progressive, incurable and debilitating. The disease is caused by a loss of dopamine producing neurons in the brainstem which leads primarily to motor deficits. In Australia, 1 in 350 people live with PD and the prevalence is quickly growing (Parkinson s Queensland, 2014). While most of the people diagnosed with PD are over 65 years old, people as young as 30 can develop the condit ion (Parkinson s Queensland, 2014). Currently, thereRead MoreA Reflection On Care For Parkinson s Disease3450 Words   |  14 PagesA REFLECTION ON CARE FOR PARKINSON’S DISEASE Introduction Parkinson disease (PD) and related disorders (PRD) are conditions that influence elderly individuals with most extreme pervasiveness and occurrence rates inside of the age group of 75–85 years. Presence of several other co morbidities associated can eventually affect on the independence and also the life quality (Margarita et al, 2010). Parkinsonism is also a very common disease condition in the elderly population, especially the elderlyRead MoreStem Cells Research The Regeneration Of Medicine. Stem1526 Words   |  7 Pagesfunctions. Stem cells have the potential to develop into many different cell types in the body during early life and growth. Many individuals believe that there are ethical concerns with stem cell research because they come from destruction of perfectly good embryo however stem cells can be used for cell-based therapies, heart regeneration, inhibit tumor growth, the undifferentiated quality of this cells gives these cells benefit to become the differ ential cells that forms the tissues and the organs

The Reasons Behind Self Segregation - 1376 Words

Introduction Self-segregation is defined as the conscious decision to form groups and services separate from society based on gender, income generated, religion or ethnic groups (2014). While segregation in history may have been due to political or economics exploitation, research is showing that different communities are segregating certain aspects of their livelihood to achieve their own comfort zones or purposes. Segregation, while conjuring a negative stigma of social inequalities, may have evolved over time to be beneficial to certain family groups and structures. This research will look into details some of the advantages and disadvantages of modern day self-segregation trends. Taking into consideration the historical perspective as well as the diverse family structures, this research will also look into why the groups choose to self-segregate rather than blend in with the larger society. Segregation in History To fully comprehend the reasons behind self-segregation it is important to understand segregation and how it might have led to groups deciding to self-segregate. Historically, segregation has and continues to be a reason resulting in self segregation. Discrimination has long exist in our society, and in societies all around the world. Historical speaking, people who are not described as ideal, have been discriminated for many years. One such situation seen in the past, involves black people were kept as slaves in Canada and in the United States of America.Show MoreRelatedThe Racism Of Black Resentment900 Words   |  4 Pagescombination of the â€Å"American greed† with anti-black resentment.† (Bonilla-Silva, Pg.30) The author suggests that these principles are evident when discussing issues such as affirmative action, interracial relationships, neighborhood, and residential segregation. There’s an interview in the chapter where a college student named sue at SU, is asked; if minority students should be provided unique opportunity to be admitted into universities? â€Å"I don’t think that they should be provided with unique opportunitiesRead MoreAdministrative Segregation And Its Effect On The Workplace1297 Words   |  6 Pagesdramatic increase in Administrative Segregation, which many inmates call Ad. Seg. Administrative Segregation is a distinctive area where violent inmates are sent. Solitary Confinement is another name for this area where inmates who violated rules, are seemed as a threat to others or themselves are housed. Each cell holds a single person in which the inmates reside 23 hours a day and are allowed out for one hour to exercise in a 6X10 cage. Administrative Segregation strips inmates from the little privilegesRead MoreCivil Disobedience By Martin Luther King1077 Words   |  5 Pagesconscientious breach of law undertaken with the aim of bringing about a change in laws or government policies†. Martin Luther King sought to end the unjust law of segregation in a nonviolent campaign. He outlines the four basic steps: â€Å"collection of the facts to determine whether injustices exist; negotiation; self-purification; and direct action† behind the beauty of a nonviolent campaign. King also described the differences between just and unjust laws. King says that we have a â€Å"moral responsibility to disobeyRead MoreEssay on Fences, by August Wilson1097 Words   |  5 Pagesplace during the late 1950’s through to 1965, a period of time when the fights against segregation are barely blossoming results. The main protagonist, Troy Maxson is an African American who works in the sanitation department; he is also a responsible man whose thwarted dreams make him prone to believing in self-created illusions. Wilsons most apparent intention in the play ‘Fences’, is to show how racial segregation creates social and economic gaps between African Americans and whites. Racism playRead MoreWho Is The Real Bully?1712 Words   |  7 Pagessuperiority over the other party. This directly correlates with personality, strength, ideals, and insecurity. After studies being taken place it is found that â€Å"the 15% that was bullied in the grades of 1 – 9 tend to be more depressed and have a lower self-esteem at age 23 because they cannot overcome the scares in their minds† (Dan Olweus). Here is where it gets interesting; the bullies are not usually only focused on students, they tend to have an impact of bullying towards teachers, peers, and otherRead MoreThe Supreme Court s Court848 Words   |  4 Pagesthey have on others. A study was done on students in 2009 on the effects of discrimination based on sexual orientation and how it correlates with self harm and suicidal ideation and â€Å"Respondents who reported having been discriminated against on the basis of minority sexual orientation were significantly more likely than those who did not to report self-harm (25.0% vs. 6.3%) and suicidal ideation (23.9% vs. 7.4%)† (Almeida, J., Johnson , R. M., Corliss, Et Al, 2009). As Americans, I feel that we needRead MoreBlack And White : Social Divide879 Words   |  4 Pagesand white social divide is mainly based on economics. Many facts prove that blacks and whites divided mostly because, some whites are proclaimed rich and some blacks are proclaimed poor. Economics plays a huge role in this theory as well as self-segregation, stereotyping and cultural divide. Many just look at the Black And White Social Divide as something insignificant, but it is a nationwide problem that has been going on for decades. If we want to change how our society is, we have to workRead MoreAfrican American Dancers With Pink Ribbons1392 Words   |  6 Pagesobstacles/challenges encountered by African American dancers with regards to being successful in the world of dance and key figures that have overcome this struggle. There are many major obstacle facing African American dancers that contribute to racial segregation in the dance world. For instance flesh coloured shoes with pink ribbons are the traditional foot wear for ballet which dates back the 1820’s. Many African American dancers have questioned major dance wear companies who use this tradition as an excuseRead MoreKnowledge : The Endeavor For An African American1541 Words   |  7 PagesWright endure the chance to educate themselves, Knowledge is expressed as a form of a curse in both stories as both Douglass and Wright face the risk of encountering with the possible unbearable truth behind the knowledge they seek to obtain, also in both stories, both Douglass and Wright develop a self hatred after learning new information that has been kept from them since they are prevented the chance to be informed. Knowledge is embodied as a blessing in both stories for both Douglass and WrightRead MoreDear University Of Wisconsin Madison Admissions1588 Words   |  7 Pagesschool. As I came to recognize de facto school segregation, I struggled with the idea of my own privilege. I began to understand how my parents’ freedom to choose my private schooling set me up for a level of success that students enrolled in the Baton Rouge public schools could achieve only with exceptional effort. I apply to University of Wisconsin-Madison’s Human Ecology program with the hope to examine how personal agency impacts school segregation, and to research the efficacy of non-profit community

French Impressionism and Post Impressionism in the late Essay Example For Students

French Impressionism and Post Impressionism in the late Essay French Impressionism and Post Impressionism in the late 19th C. Ornery Before the emergence of Impressionism we can see a major political and social transition in central Europe which has demonstrable artistic and literary consequences. The major aspects of this change include: The ICC industrial expansion which took away opportunities of individual farming and craft practice and replaced them with paid labor in factories. Governments across Europe are exploring constitutional formulas that attempt to balance the polarities of social right and material progress. Religious institutions are trying to absorb new scientific knowledge and social theory against the fabric of ancient scriptures. In France specifically we see the emergence of political instability with various Governments and various forms of government rising and succeeding another between the absolute monarchy that ends with Louis the XVI in 1789 and Napoleons expansionist empire building which begins in 1851 with a coup d ©tat and comes to a close in 1870. Amongst these turbulent years we see political outcomes that range from reign of terror, constitutional monarchy, a republic, a royal serration and a socialist commune as well as the Napoleonic empire. During this turbulent social and political era we also have Marx and Angels issuing the communist manifesto in 1848 and Darnings revolutionary publication Origin of the species in 1859. Painters have now access to synthetic chemical pigments developed by modern science which replace the old-fashioned organic pigments. The new pigments often have greater luminosity and brilliance. Lithography makes possible low-cost reproductions which allows artists to reach a new public with prints of their work. The same technology also brings about the newspaper and the low-cost novel. In every case, individual ideas can now be broadcast and disseminated amongst a more diverse audience than previously. Aestheticism also can be printed and distributed widely. The previous ties between knowledge (as apart from education) and class-structure are being stretched much further. Painters and poets who had not long before escaped reality as such with flights to the exotic and romantic dreamless that typify the Neo-classic and Romantic styles and periods, are returning to the here and now. Balzac and Dickens are writing social critique, Dandier and Courier paint the social underdog in a style that creates social impact because of its convincing realist treatment and the genre of subject-matter. We can see painters slowly turning towards the great cities for inspiration and subject- matter and a dominance of the artificial over the natural. The growing need in this new social climate for artists to achieve immediacy of expression mean that we see them going outdoors to paint, using smaller canvasses out of necessity and speeding up the process of recording and depiction. The impressionist style of painting is characterized chiefly by concentration on the general impression produced by a scene or object and the use of unmixed primary colors and small strokes to simulate actual reflected light. Impressionism, (French Impressionism), a major movement, first in painting and later in music, that developed chiefly in France during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Impressionist painting comprises the work produced between about 1867 and 1886 by a group of artists who shared a set of related approaches and techniques. The most conspicuous characteristic of Impressionism was an attempt to accurately and objectively record visual reality in terms of transient effects of light and color. The principal Impressionist painters were: Claude Monet Pierre Augusta Renoir Camille Pissarro Alfred Sisley Berth Morison Armband Glutamine and FRR ©d ©rich Bacilli who worked together, influenced each other, and exhibited together and independently. Edgar Degas and Paul C ©Zane also painted in an Impressionist style for a time in the early sass. The established painter ?dotard Meant, whose work in the sass greatly influenced Monet and others of the group, himself adopted the Impressionist approach about 1873. The word impressionist was printed for the first time in the Charier on the 15 April 1874 by Louis Leroy(deed), after Claude Motets landscape entitled Impressions: sole eleven . This word was used to call Exposition des Impressionist an exhibit held in the salons of the photographer Nadir and organized by the Socio ©t © anemone des painters, sculptures et gravers Anonymous society of painters, sculptors and engravers], composed of Pissarro, Monet, Sisley, Degas, Renoir, C ©Zane, Glutamine and Berth Morison. The popular press, predictably (the more things change Had a field day making fun of the impressionists. For example, Louis Leroy who wrote as the art-critic for the El Charier reported on April 25th that his companion at the opening, a noted academic (identity not disclosed) had made the following sarcastic remark: Impressionism- I was certain of it. I was Just telling yeses that, since I was impressed, there had to be some impression in it And what freedom, what ease of workmanship! Wallpaper in its embryonic state is more finished than that seascape Edmond Tyranny (La Novel Painter, The new painting, 1876) on the other hand eve high praise to the Impressionists: they have Succeeded in breaking down sunlight into rays, its elements, and to reconstitute its unity by meaner of the general harmony of spectrum colors which they spread on their canvasses. The most learned physicist could find nothing to criticize in their analysis of light. The Founders The founders of this society were animated by the will to break with the official art. The official theory that the color should be dropped pure on the canvas instead of getting mixed on the palette will only be respected by a few of them and only for a people of years. In fact, the Impressionism is a lot more a state of the mind than a technique; thus artists other than painters have also been qualified of impressionists. Many of these painters ignore the law of simultaneous contrast as established by Chevrolet in 1823. Vincent van Gogh EssayAt this stage, Impressionists were coming biblically appreciated, but their situation was still harsh; the Salon continued to refuse their paintings, and in 1894, 25 out of 65 artworks donated by Collaborate to the Luxembourg museum were rejected. Yet, when Camille Pissarro, the Impressionist patriarch, died in 1903, everybody agreed that this movement was the main Sixth century artistic revolution, and that all its members were among the finest painters. The influence of the Impressionists was great out of France, especially in Germany, with Liebermann, Corinth, and in Belgium. The first of the eight Impressionist exhibitions was held in 1874: Included were the following artists (and others) 1840-1926 Claude Monet (lived 86 years) 1831-1903 Camille Pissarro (lived arrears) 1841-1919 Pierre August Renoir (lived 78 years) 1834-1917 Edgar Degas (lived 83 years) 1834-1903 James A. Mac Neil Whistler (lived 69 years) 1864-1901 Henry Marie Raymond De Toulouse-Ululate (lived 37 years) 1839-1899 Alfred Sisley (lived 60 years) 1839-1906 Paul C ©cane (lived 67 years) Glutamine 1824- 1898 Egg ©en Boudoir (lived 74 years) 1841-1895 Berth Morison * (lived 56 years) * Berth Morison was the only female painter to participate in the 1874 exhibition (as ell as , 1882 and 1886 exhibitions). She was Joined later by another female painter, the American Mary Cast (1844-1926) who exhibited in the and 1886 exhibitions. Note: Artists listed in green can be said to have only had a dubious relationship to the Impressionist ideal during the sasss (especially C ©Zane) The other seven Expressionist exhibitions were held in and 1886 Less closely connected with the Impressionists were Henry De Toulouse-Ululate and Dillon Redone. Concerned with perceptive portraiture and decorative effect, Toulouse-Ululate used the vivid contrasting colors of Impressionism in flat areas enclosed by a distinct, sinuous outline. Redos still-life floras were somewhat Impressionistic, but his other works are more linear and Symbolist. In general, Postmodernists led away from a naturalistic approach and toward the two major movements of early 20th-century art that superseded it: Cubism and Fauvism, which sought to evoke emotion through color and line. Post-impressionism Post-impressionism is a movement of major importance in Western painting. As a movement it represents both, an extension of Impressionism, and a rejection of that styles inherent limitations. The term Post-impressionism was coined by the English art critic Roger Fry for the work of such late 19th-century painters as Paul C ©Zane, Georges Serrate, Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh, Henry De Toulouse-Ululate, and others. All of these painters except van Gogh were French, and most of them began as Impressionists; each of them abandoned the style, however, to form his own highly personal art. Impressionism was based, in its strictest sense, on the objective recording of nature in terms of the fugitive effects of color and light. The Vivisectionists rejected his limited aim in favor of more ambitious expression, admitting their debt, however, to the pure, brilliant colors of Impressionism, its freedom from traditional subject matter, and its technique of defining form with short brushstrokes of broken color. The work of these painters formed a basis for several contemporary trends and for modern art in general. After a phase of uneasy dissension among the Impressionists, Paul C ©Zane withdrew from the movement in 1878 in order to make of Impressionism something solid and durable like the art of the museums. In contrast to the passing show evicted by the Impressionists, his approach imbued landscape and still life with a monumental permanence and coherence. He abandoned the Impressionists virtuoso depiction of evanescent light effects in his preoccupation with the underlying structures of natural forms and the problem of unifying surface patterns with spatial depth. His art was the major inspiration for Cubi sm, which was concerned primarily with depicting the structure of objects. In 1884, at the Salon des Mind ©pendants in Paris, Georges Serrate revealed an intention similar to C ©canes with paintings that wowed more attention to composition than those of the Impressionists and that delved into the science of color. Taking as a point of departure the Impressionist practice of using broken color to suggest shimmering light, he sought to achieve luminosity through optical formulas, placing side by side tiny bits of contrasting color chosen to blend from a distance into a dominant color. This extremely theoretical technique, called Pointillism, was adopted by a number of contemporary painters and formed the basis of the style of painting known as Neo-lonesomeness The Vivisectionists often exhibited together but, unlike the Impressionists who were a close-knit, convivial group, they painted mainly alone. C ©Zane painted in isolation at Xix-en-Provence in southern France; his solitude was matched by that of Gauguin, who in 1891 took up residence in Tahiti, and of Van Gogh, who painted in the countryside at Arles. Both Gauguin and van Gogh rejected the indifferent objectivity of Impressionism in favor of a more personal, spiritual expression. After exhibiting with the Impressionists in 1886, Gauguin renounced the abominable error of naturalism. With the young painter ?mile Bernard, he led a self-conscious return to the aesthetic of primitive art, for which he believed imagination and ideas were the primary inspiration and the representation of nature merely a vehicle for their expression. Copying the pure, flat color, heavy outline, and decorative quality of medieval stained glass and manuscript illumination, the two artists explored the expressive potential of pure color and line, Gauguin especially using exotic and sensuous color harmonies to poetically depict the Athenians he eventually lived among. Arriving in Paris in 1886, the Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh quickly adapted Impressionist techniques and color to express his acutely felt emotions.